Little Rock Nine
After establishing segregated schools to be unconstitutional, A group of nine African Americans had to be escorted inside Little Rock Central High School by the 101st Airborne Division.
CORE is founded
CORE, meaning Congress of racial equality, was founded by James.L Farmer Jr, George Houser, James R.Robinson, Bernice Fisher, Homer Jack, and Joe Guinn was a US civil rights organization to give African Americans equality throughout the world.
Plessy vs.Ferguson
Plessy, who was 1/8th black, tried to to sit in an all-white railroad car on June 7th 1892, was arrested for violating the 1890 Louisiana railroad accommodations. Plessy argued that they were denying his rights under the 13th and 14th amendments. Plessy was charged a 25 dollar fine but looked for a writ of prohibition. on May 18th 1896, Plessy's argument on the 14th amendment was rejected by a 7 to 1 vote. in January 1897 Plessy pleaded guilty and had to pay the fine.
Malcolm Little arrested and prison time
At the age of 20, Malcolm was arrested for burglary charges. he was given 10 years in prison and during that time he joined the Black Muslims. He became an outspoken defender of black nationalism. Also, he became one of the countries most famous black leaders.
James Meredith and integration of Ole Miss
James was a civil rights movement figure. he was the first African American to go to Ole Miss. During his time there he tried to put pressure on the Kennedy administration so blacks could have civil rights.
Nation of Islam (NOI) is founded
This was a religious movement that was founded in Detroit Michigan by Wallace D. Ford Muhammad. it was created to improve the spiritual, mental, social, and economic condition of African Americans in the United States.
Kerner Commission
This was established by President Lyndon B Johnson to investigate the causes of the 1967 race riots.
24th Amendment
This amendment prohibits both congress and the state from continuing the right to vote in federal elections on payment of a poll tax or other types of tax.
15th Amendment
This amendment prohibits each government in the United States from denying a citizen the right to vote based on the citizens race, color, or previous condition of servitude.
Malcolm X assassinated
Malcolm X was assassinated on February 21 1965 by Black Muslims before addressing the Organization of Afro-American Unity at the Audubon ballroom in Harlem. it was believed to happen because he converted to traditional Islam. he received many death threats and one week before he was killed his house was set on fire.
SCLC
The SCLC was an African American civil rights organization. Dr. Martin Lucther King Jr. was the first President. It was founded on January 10, 1957, following the Montgomery Bus Boycott.
Bloody Sunday
Bloody Sunday happened on January 30th, 1972 in the Bogside area of Derry, Northern Ireland, in which 26 people were protesting civil rights and bystanders were shot by soldiers of the British Army. Seven teenagers were killed immediately.
Montgomery Bus Boycott
The Montgomery Bus Boycott was a political and social protest campaign against the policy of racial segregation on the public transit system of Montgomery, Alabama. The campaign lasted from December 1st, 1955, when Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat to a white person, to December 20th, 1956
March on Washington for Jobs & Freedom
On August 28th, 1963, more than 200,000 demonstrators took part in the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom in the nations capitol. It was successful in pressuring the administration of JFK to initiate a strong Federal Civil Rights bill in congress. During this event Martin Luther King Jr. gave his famous speech "I have a dream."
Greensboro Sit-ins
Greensboro Sit-ins were a series of non-violent protests in 1960 which led to the Woolworth's department store chain reversing its policy of racial segregation in the southern United States. The primary event took place at the Greensboro, North Carolina Woolworth's store, which is now the International Civil Rights Center and Museum.
Newark and Detroit Race Riots
The 1967 Newark riot was a major civil disturbance that occurred in the city of Newark, New Jersey between July 12th and July 17th, 1967. The 6 days of rioting resulted in 26 dead and hundreds injured. The Detroit riots broke out in June, 1943 and lasted for 3 days before Federal Troops regained control. The rioting was between blacks and whites, killing 34, injuring 433, and destroying $2 million dollars worth of property.
Voting Act of 1965
The Voting Act of 1965 outlawed discriminatory voting practices that had been responsible for the widespread disenfranchisement of African Americans in the United States.
Freedom Summer
In 1964, civil rights organizations in Mississippi created a voting registration drive. It was aimed at increasing voter registration in MS This group of people included blacks from MS and more than 1,000+ out of state white volunteers
Brown v. Board of Education
An African American child was denied admission to a white school. This case ruled that separate but equal educational facilities are inheritly unequal.
Southern Manifesto
A document that 19 senators and 77 house members signed that said that Brown v. Board of Education was a "clear abuse of judicial power." It also suggested states to segregate schools and to resist the ruling.
13th Amendment
The thirteenth amendment abolished slavery in the United states. It states that slavery or "involuntary servitude" can not be accepted as punishment in the U.S.
14th Amendment
This amendment granted federal citizenship for any person born in the United States, regardless of race. The fourteenth amendment also said no one can abridge the "privileges and immunity" , no one is deprived by life, liberty, or property without due process of law, and no one can be denied of equal protection of laws.
Loving v. Virginia
Virginia passed a law making it illegal for interracial marriage in the state. Richard and Meredith Loving took this to court. The out come was that it violate the central meaning of equal protection in the fourteenth amendment.
Freedom Rides
First Freedom ride was on May 4, 1961. The purpose of the freedom rids were to segregate interstate trains and train stations. Sometimes, people taking part in these rides were met at the train stations and beaten or taunted. Even the white supporters got harmed in some cases.
Bombing of 16th Street Baptist Church
On Sunday September 15, 196, a white supremacy group bombed a church in Birmingham, Alabama. In this accident, four young girls attending Sunday School were killed and twenty-three others were injured. Including the sister of one of the four killed who is now traumatized forever.